Who are 'the Jews'?

A condensed version

Their religion is Judaism.
Both Muslims and Jews are descendants of Abraham.
They are Jews by ancestry (from what was once the Kingdom of Judea), or by conversion to Judaism.

Historically They were 3 of the 12 (13) tribes (Israelites) of the Kingdom of Israel (1100 BC to 974 BC): Judas; Simeon; and Levi (priesthood tribe).
Or the later split Kingdom of Judea (974 BC - 600 BC). They were scattered or captive by invasions after 600 BC.

The King of Persia allowed the captives to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the destroyed 1st Temple.
Then Alexander the Great conquered Persia 330 BC.
After the Romans invaded what they later called the region of Judea, they destroyed the second temple in 70 AD, as Jesus predicted.

Some Jews migrated around the Mediterranean sea, and later all over Europe.
With the French revolution they then started to enjoy recognition (money lenders/bankers), and even migrated to the USA.
Hitler, Nazism, and WW2 reduced the Jewish population of the world by nearly 1/2.

1917 The Balfour Declaration: 1947, The Rothschilds finished the purchase from the British of the initial land for settlements and creation of the Nation of Israel.
Ensued 75 years of conflict between Palestinians and Israelis.